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Toward Less Hazardous Cigarettes.

The National Cancer Institute, in coordination with the National Heart and Lung Institute and the United States Department of Agriculture, established a Smoking and Health Program to reduce the risks to smokers by identification of susceptible individuals and by the development of less hazardous cigarettes.

The activities of this program were advised by the Tobacco Working Group, a body of consultants representing a wide spectrum of disciplines. Starting in 1968, the Tobacco Working Group and the National Cancer Institute staff developed specifications for the engineering of candidate less hazardous cigarette models, their chemical analysis and biological assay.

The following publications detail the four sets of experimental cigarettes, the related chemical and biological data, and their evaluation in the design of less hazardous cigarettes for human consumption.

The First Set of Experimental Cigarettes

This set of documents deals with the development of the first set of experimental cigarettes on which domestic and foreign experts led the Tobacco Working Group to formulate what is described as "a set of promising cigarette models".

Cigarettes made with high-porosity paper, those made of tobacco stems only and those made with reconstituted sheets all provided condensates found to be less tumorigenic.

Report On The First Set »»

Gio B. Gori, Deputy Director, Division of Cancer Cause and Prevention, National Cancer Institute

Preparation Of Some Experimental Cigarettes »»

R. H. Cundiff, Tobacco Development Department R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company

Leaf Analysis of First Experimental Cigarettes »»

T. C. Tso, Andersen B, Bortner C.E, Bowman D.B, Chaplin J.F, Chu J, Cheng A.L.S, Engelhaupt M.E, Koch E.J, Lowe B2, Sorokin T.I, Todd J.B, Tucker C.L.I

Preparation and Monitoring of Cigarette Smoke Condensate Samples »»

A.B. Patel, Meloy Laboratories, Inc.

Chemical Characterization of Experimental Cigarettes and Cigarette Smoke Condensate »»

M. R. Guerin, Atomic Energy Commission, Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Mouse Dermal Bioassays of Cigarette Smoke Condensates »»

James L. Gargus, Marcelina B. Powers, Robert T. Habermann, James R. Everly, Hazleton Laboratories, Inc.

Ciliatoxicity »»

Sam P. Battista, Arthur D. Little, Inc.

Inhibition of Macrophages »»

P. S. Thayer, Arthur D. Little, Inc.

Inhibition of Cell Culture »»

P. S. Thayer, Arthur D. Little, Inc.

Statistical Analyses of the First Mouse Skin Painting Study »»

John J. Gart, Mathematical Statistics and Applied Mathematics Section Biometry National Cancer Institute

The Second Set of Experimental Cigarettes

The research surrounding the second set of experimental cigarettes provides valuable data on cigarette characteristics, the tobacco, smoke, condensate analyses and the biological response to mouse skin painting.

Low nicotine/normal fertilizer and low nicotine/high fertilizer blends showed significantly lower tumorigenicity than the normal nicotine/normal fertilizer blends. Analysis of the second set of experiments indicates that man-made smoking materials can be manufactured to yield condensates of very low carcinogenic activity.

Report On The Second Set »»

Gio B. Gori, Deputy Director, Division of Cancer Cause and Prevention, National Cancer Institute

Tobacco Production and Leaf Analysis »»

T.C. Tso, R. Andersen, C.E. Bortner, D.R. Bowman, J.F. Chaplin, H. Chu, A.L.S. Cheng, M.E. Engelhaupt, J.H. Felts, E.J. Koch, R. Lowe, J.D Miles, B.C. Nichols, A.R. Patel, T. Sorokin, F.A. Todd, J.R. Todd, C.L. Tucker

Chemical Characterization of Experimental Cigarettes and Cigarette Smoke Condensates »»

M.R. Guerin, R.B. Quincy, H. Kubota Tobacco Smoke Research Program, Analytical Chemistry Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Preparation of Experimental Cigarettes for the Second Cigarette Experiment »»

A.W. Spears, S.T. Jones Lorillard Research Center

Preparation of NCI Test Cigarettes »»

T.R.C. Reynolds, M. Senkus, H. Wakeham, C. Keith

Preparation and Monitoring of Cigarette Smoke Condensate Samples »»

A.R. Patel Meloy Laboratories, Inc.

Mouse Dermal Bioassays of Cigarette Smoke Condensates, Second Series »»

James L. Gargus, Marcelina B. Powers, Richard W. Voelker, James R. Everly Hazelton Laboratories, Inc.

Bioassays-Correlations and Rankings Between Chemical Composition and Biological Activity »»

S.P. Battista, P.S. Thayer Arthur D. Little, Inc.

Supplement to the Statistical Analyses of the Second Cigarette Experiment »»

Cornelius J. Lynch, Richard M. Rowley Enviro Control, Inc.
Maxwell W. Layard Biometry Branch, National Cancer Institute

The Third Set of Experimental Cigarettes

The third experiment continued research into tobacco additives, chemistry of the smoke, the burn rate of the cigarette, the flavor of the smoke, tumorigenicity of the condensate, variations in paper porosity to evaluate the relationship between this factor and the tumorigenicity of the condensate, filter variations to test the effects of filtration on the tumorigenicity of the smoke and variations in artificial tobacco substitutes (ATS) and physical characteristics to compare their relative tumorigenicity.

Findings showed that magnesium nitrate reduces the tumorigenicity of cigarette condensate, a dilution filter proved to be effective in reducing the tumorigenicity of the cigarette condensate on an equivalent weight basis and certain artificial tobacco substitutes fared well with respect to reducing cigarette tumorigenicity.

Report On The Third Set »»

Gio B. Gori, Deputy Director, Division of Cancer Cause and Prevention, National Cancer Institute

Leaf Analysis »»

T.C. Tso, R. Andersen, C.E. Bortner, J.F. Chaplin, H. Chu, A.L.S. Cheng, M.E. Engelhaupt, E.J. Koch, R. Lowe, T.Sorokin, J.R. Todd, R. Williamson
In collaboration with
Brown and Williamson Research Dept., Liggett and Myers Research Dept., Lorillard Research Center, Philip Morris Research Center, and several other research laboratories.

Chemical Characterization of Experimental Cigarettes and Cigarette Smoke Condensates »»

W.H. Griest, M.R. Guerin, R.B. Quincy, H. Kubota Tobacco Smoke Research Program, Analytical Chemistry Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Preparation and Monitoring of Cigarette Smoke Condensate Samples »»

A.R. Patel Meloy Laboratories. Inc.

Mouse Dermal Bioassays of Cigarette Smoke Condensates »»

James L. Gargus, Richard W. Voelker, James R. Everly Hazleton Laboratories Inc.

Manufacture of Cigarettes for the Third Cigarette Experiment »»

A. R. Mitchem Research Department Liggett & Myers Incorporated

Bioassays, Correlations and Rankings Between Chemical Composition and Biological Activity »»

S.P. Battista, P.S. Thayer, M.G. Broome Arthur D. Little, Inc.

Supplement to the Statistical Analyses of the Third Cigarette Experiment »»

Cornelius J. Lynch, R.M. Rowley Enviro Control, Inc.
Maxwell W. Layard Biometry Branch, National Cancer Institute

The Fourth Set of Experimental Cigarettes

In the fourth set of experiments further progress was made towards the development of safer cigarettes; the data strongly suggest that expanded stems reduce tumorigenicity of cigarettes and further evidence that in developing less tumorigenic cigarettes, it may not be necessary to go beyond a paper porosity of about 60 cm/min.

Report On The Fourth Set »»

Gio B. Gori, Deputy Director, Division of Cancer Cause and Prevention, National Cancer Institute

Leaf Analysis »»

T.C. TSO, R. Andersen, F. Chaplin, A.L.S. Cheng, R. Williamson
In collaboration with
Brown and Williamson Research Dept., Liggett and Myers Research Dept., lorillard Research Center, Philip Morris Research Center, and several other research laboratories.

Chemical Characterization of Experimental Cigarettes and Cigarette Smoke Condensates »»

W.H. Griest, M.R. Guerin, R.A. Jenkins, R.B. Quincy, H. Kubota Tobacco Smoke Research Program, Analytical Chemistry Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Preparation and Monitoring of Cigarette Smoke Condensate Samples »»

A.R. Patel Meloy Laboratories. Inc.

Mouse Dermal Bioassays of Cigarette Smoke Condensates »»

James L. Gargus, Richard W. Voelker, James R. Everly Hazleton Laboratories Inc.

Preparation of Some Experimental Cigarettes »»

Tobacco Development Department, R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company

Cytotoxicity and Ciliary Transport Bioassays »»

S.P. Battista, P.S. Thayer, M.G. Broome Arthur D. Little, Inc.

Supplement to the Statistical Analyses of the Fourth Cigarette Experiment »»

Cornelius J. Lynch, William W. Yu Enviro Control, Inc.

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